Dietary Diversity Score and Adolescent Obesity Among West Sumaterans Girl / Puntuación de diversidad dietética y obesidad adolescente entre niñas de Sumatra Occidental

Backbround: Obesity develops from multifactorial factors. Adequacy and quality of food are associated with nutritional needs and health status. Studies on the relationship between dietary diversity scores (DDS) and obesity are inconsistent.Objectives: This study aims to determine the comparison of dietary diversity scores and their relationship with obesity in adolescent girlsMethods :The participants in this cross-sectional research were 272 adolescent girls ( 110 obese and 162 normal) aged 12 to 18 years old in West Sumatera. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to determine their sociodemographics, personality traits, dietary diversity score [DDS], and anthropometrics. The DDS was calculated based on five dietary categories [grains/bread, vegetables, fruits, meats and meat substitutes, and dairy items] as well as weight status [BMI Z score]. An independent t test comparing mean DDS between obese and normal groups; an ANOVA test comparing anthropometry based on DDS, both with p < 0.05 significance level.Result : The mean DDS on obesity is significantly lower than normal adolescents by 4.10 ± 1.5 versus 4.46 ± 1.52 p=0.042. Adolescents with lower DDS exhibited obesity of 83.3%, and the normal ones were 16.7%. On the other hand, adolescents with higher DDS showed obesity of 25.6%, and the normal ones were 74.4%. The prevalence of obesity is inversely associated with the dietary diversity score p= 0.012Conclusion : There was a negatively significant association between dietary diversity score and obesity. In comparison to the normal groups, adolescent girls with obesity had a lower dietary diversity score.(AU)

Association of dietary patterns and body phenotypes in Brazilian adolescents / Associação entre padrões alimentares e fenótipos corporais em adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract Objectives: to investigate the association between dietary patterns, physical activity, and body phenotypes in adolescents. Methods: this school-based cross-sectional study involved 1,022 adolescents aged ten to 19 years. Dietary patterns and body phenotypes were defined using a principal component analysis. Body phenotype was defined using anthropometry, body composition, biochemistry, sexual maturation, and dietary patterns from 19 food groups, using a food frequency questionnaire. The association between the dietary patterns and body phenotypes was assessed using a linear regression model. Results: five body phenotypes (BP1adiposity, BP2puberty, BP3biochemical, BP4muscular, BP5lipids_biochemical) and five dietary patterns (DP1ultraprocessed_foods, DP2fresh_foods, DP3bread_rice_beans, DP4culinary_preparations, DP5cakes_rice_beans) were identified. There were higher BP_adiposity scores for obese adolescents, but energy expenditure was similar for obese and non-obese adolescents. Physical activity was positively associated with BMI, BP_adiposity, and BP_puberty. We observed a negative association between DP_ultraprocessed_foods and BMI, and a positive association between DP_fresh_food. DP_fresh_foods was positively associated with BP_adiposity; DP_ultraprocessed_foods and DP_culinary_preparations were negatively associated with this phenotype. BP_biochemical was negatively associated with DP_fresh_foods. Conclusion: we identified a negative association between a dietary pattern composed mainly of ultra-processed foods, fresh foods, and BP_adiposity. These associations need to be better explored, especially in adolescents, as both dietary patterns and phenotypes were defined using multivariate analysis.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar associação entre padrão alimentar (PA), atividade física (AF) e fenótipos corporais (FC) em adolescentes. Métodos: estudo transversal de base escolar com 1.022 adolescentes de dez a 19 anos. Padrão alimentar e fenótipo corporal foram definidos por meio da análise de componentes principais. O fenótipo corporal foi definido usando antropometria, composição corporal, bioquímica e maturação sexual, e padrão alimentar a partir de 19 grupos de alimentos de um questionário de frequência alimentar. A associação entre padrão alimentar e fenótipo corporal foi avaliada por modelo de regressão linear. Resultados: foram identificados cinco fenótipos corporais (FC1adiposidade, FC2puberdade, FC3bioquímico, FC4muscular, FC5lipídios_bioquímico) e cinco padrões alimentares (PA1alimentos_ultraprocessados, PA2alimentos_frescos, PA3pão_arroz_feijão, PA4preparações_culinárias, PA5bolos_arroz_feijão). Há maiores escores de FC_adiposidade para adolescentes com obesidade, mas o gasto energético foi semelhante para adolescentes com e sem diagnóstico de obesidade. Atividade física associou-se positivamente com IMC, FC_adiposidade e FC_puberdade. Observamos associação negativa entre PA_ultraprocessados e IMC, e positiva entre PA_alimentos_frescos. PA_alimentos_frescos associou-se positivamente com FC_adiposidade; PA_ultraprocessados e PA_preparações_culinárias se associaram negativamente a este fenótipo. FC_bioquímico associou-se negativamente com PA_alimentos_frescos. Conclusão: identificamos associação negativa entre padrão alimentar composto principalmente por alimentos ultraprocessados e alimentos in natura e FC_adiposidade. Essas associações devem ser exploradas com o mesmo público em estudos futuros, principalmente em adolescentes, pois tanto o padrão alimentar quanto o fenótipo foram definidos por meio de análise multivariada.

Beneficios de la dieta mediterránea y la actividad física en adolescentes / Benefits of the Mediterranean diet and physical activity in adolescents

Introducción: Más de 340 millones de niños y adolescentes en todo el mundo presentan sobrepeso oobesidad, lo que convierte la obesidad en un problema urgente para la población mundial. Este período dela vida es crucial ya que los rápidos cambios cognitivos, físicos, psicológicos y emocionales afectan la saludy el bienestar. Participar en comportamientos de estilo de vida saludables, como la actividad física o seguiruna dieta, se asocia con un menor riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas en la edadadulta. Objetivo: Describir la importancia de la dieta y la actividad física en adolescentes, valorar el grado deadherencia a estos patrones y resaltar los beneficios que supone participar en estilos de vida saludables. Método: Búsqueda sistemática de la literatura científica publicada en materia de dieta mediterránea yactividad física en este grupo de población. Resultados: Los niños y adolescentes se han ido alejando de estos estilos de vida saludables, generandola necesidad de aplicar estrategias de intervención que promuevan nuevos hábitos en adolescentes, entrelos que se incluya una adecuada alimentación basada en la dieta mediterránea, asociada a un programade actividad física semanal, lo aporta múltiples beneficios tanto a nivel cardio respiratorio, metabólico,musculoesquelético, como cognitivo y emocional. Conclusiones: Se puede resaltar la importancia de aplicar la dieta mediterránea y la actividad física en loshábitos de vida de los adolescentes ya que incluyen numerosos beneficios a nivel físico, cognitivo ypsicológico, necesarios para un correcto desarrollo en esta etapa del desarrollo.(AU)

Introduction: Over 340 million children and adolescents worldwide are overweight or obese, which makesobesity an urgent problem for the world's population. This period of life is crucial since rapid cognitive,physical, psychological, and emotional changes affect health and well-being. Engaging in healthy lifestylebehaviors, such as being physically active or following a diet, is associated with a lower risk of chronic anddegenerative diseases in later life. Objective: Describe the importance of diet and physical activity in adolescents, assess the degree ofadherence to these patterns, and highlight the benefits of participating in healthy lifestyles.Method: Systematic search of the published scientific literature on the Mediterranean diet and physicalactivity in this population group. Results: Children and adolescents have been moving away from these healthy lifestyles, generating theneed to apply intervention strategies that promote new habits in adolescents, including an adequate dietbased on the Mediterranean diet, associated with a program of weekly physical activity, which providesmultiple benefits both at the cardio-respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, cognitive, and emotional levels. Conclusions: The importance of applying the Mediterranean diet and physical activity to the lifestyle ofadolescents can be highlighted since they include numerous benefits at physical, cognitive, andpsychological levels, which are necessary for correct development at this stage of development.(AU)

Documento técnico: Sesiones de aprendizaje en alimentación saludable para adolescentes en el marco del modelo de ciudadano integral de salud por curso de vida para la persona familia y comunidad / Technical document: Learning sessions on healthy eating for adolescents within the framework of the integral citizen model of health throughout the life course for the individual, family and community

El presente documento técnico desarrolla 2 módulos de sesiones de aprendizaje en alimentación saludable y anemia, dirigido a las y los adolescentes, con la convicción de que contribuye en mejorar y estandarizar el desempeño del profesional nutricionista o profesional de la salud que desarrollan acciones educativas, potenciando las capacidades de esta población en la preparación adecuada de los alimentos

Interrelation ship among body max index, body composition,and biochemical profiles of overweight adolescents in south of Brazil: A cross-sectional study / Interrelación entre el índice corporal máximo, la composición corporal y los perfiles bioquímicos de adolescentes con sobrepeso en el sur de Brasil: un estudio transversal

Introduction: Obesity in adolescence is associated with severe health complications.Objective: To analyze possible associations among body mass index (BMI), body composition, and biochemical profiles of overweight or obese adolescents.Methods: The study was carried out between 2017 and 2020 and included 132 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. The following variables were analyzed: BMI, fat-free mass (FFM), body fat mass (BFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body fat percentage (%BF), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lean mass index (LMI), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-to-lean mass ratio (FMR), as well as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (TGO). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® version 20.0, considering p<0.05 as significant.Results: Higher values were identified for height, LBM, FFM, and SMM in the male group. On the other hand, higher values were identified for the %BF and FMI in the female group. The female, male, and general groups showed significant correlations between BMI and FMR (r = 0.69, 0.74, and 0.69, respectively), BMI and FFM (r = 0.44, 0.67, and 0.49, respectively), BMI and SMM (r = 0.44, 0.68, and 0.50, respectively), and BMI and %BF (r = 0.40, 0.54, and 0.47, respectively). In the general group, BMI and HDL levels were correlated (r = −0.18; p=0.04). The BFM and WHR showed a predictive effect for TC; WHR and %BF showed a predictive effect for LDL concentrations, and %BF had a predictive effect for TGO (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was possible to verify that BMI, body composition, and biochemical measures show an interrelationship between them, such as with a worsening of anthropometric and body composition indicators associated with worst biochemical parameters, e.g., lower HDL-c and higher TC, LDL-c, and TGO. Thus, public policies are indispensable for combating obesity and related comorbidities in the early phases of life.(AU)

Estilos de vida, actividad física, tiempo frente a la pantalla y el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes en retorno a la presencialidad / Lifestyles, physical activity, screen time and body mass index in adolescentsin return to face-to-face

Introducción: El retorno a la nueva presencialidad requiere de asumir estilos de vida saludables en los estudiantes, los apoderados de familia deben inculcar la práctica de la actividad física en edades tempranas y regular el tiempo frente a la pantalla de los escolares, para así reducir el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre los estilos de vida con la actividad física, tiempo frente a la pantalla y el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes de 12 a 18 años de la región de Puno en retorno a la presencialidad. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional múltiple de corte transversal, que comprendió a 876 adolescentes (451 mujeres y 425 varones) con promedio de edad de 15,26 ± 1,76. El trabajo de campo se realizó de manera presencial aplicando los cuestionarios: estilos de vida, actividad física, tiempo frente a la pantalla y la medición antropométrica del peso corporal y la estatura. Resultados: Los estudiantes presentan estilos de vida medios (53,5%), las mujeres sobresalen en los niveles medio y excelente (28,7%) y (11,6%), frente a los varones (24,9%) y (7,9%). El tiempo frente a la pantalla durante la semana permanecen más horas (45,9%) de 4-5 horas y el (24,9%) de 6-7 horas. Las mujeres tienen tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad (31,1%) y (4,9%) en contraste con los varones (19,3%) y (3,7%). Las adolescentes muestran niveles de actividad física baja y moderada (20,5%) y (19,6%), frente a los varones (6,6%) y (29,2%). Conclusiones: Se estableció que los estudiantes en retorno a la presencialidad asumen estilos de vida medianamente satisfactorios, las mujeres muestran tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, en los niveles de actividad física sobresale el nivel moderado y los varones presentan mayor adherencia a la práctica intensa.(AU)

ntroduction: The return to the new presentiality requiresassuming healthy lifestyles in students, family parents shouldinculcate the practice of physical activity at early ages and re-gulate screen time of schoolchildren, in order to reduce over-weight and obesity.Objective: To determine the association between lifestylesand physical activity, screen time and body mass index in ado-lescents aged 12 to 18 years in the Puno region in return topresentiality. Materials and Methods: A descriptive correlational mul-tiple cross-sectional study was carried out, involving 876 ado-lescents (451 females and 425 males) with an average age of15.26 ± 1.76. The field work was carried out in person, appl-ying the following questionnaires: lifestyles, physical activity,time in front of the screen and anthropometric measurementof body weight and height.Results: Students had average lifestyles (53.5%), with fe-males excelling in the average and excellent levels (28.7%)and (11.6%), compared to males (24.9%) and (7.9%). Thetime spent in front of the screen during the week is more(45.9%) 4-5 hours and (24.9%) 6-7 hours. Females have atendency to overweight and obesity (31.1%) and (4.9%) incontrast to males (19.3%) and (3.7%). Adolescent femalesshow low and moderate levels of physical activity (20.5%)and (19.6%) compared to males (6.6%) and (29.2%).Conclusions: It was established that students in return topresentiality assume moderately satisfactory lifestyles, fema-les show tendency to overweight and obesity, in the levels ofphysical activity the moderate level stands out and malesshow greater adherence to intense practice.(AU)

Utilização da Razão Cintura-Estatura na avaliação nutricional na primeira fase da adolescência / The use of Waist-to-Height Ratio for nutritional assessment in the first phase of adolescence

Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar o desempenho da razão cintura-estatura (RCE) como indicador complementar do estado nutricional na primeira fase da adolescência. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal com 148 adolescentes (10 a 13 anos de idade) de duas escolas de Macaé, RJ, realizado em 2016/2017. Foram coletadas informações de maturação sexual, peso, estatura e perímetro da cintura (PC). Para verificar como as classificações do índice de massa corporal-para-idade (IMC/I), PC e RCE dialogam em termos de triagem de risco em saúde, foi feito o teste Kappa. Os limites máximos de sensibilidade e especificidade da RCE segundo o IMC/I foram analisados pela curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Resultados: Dentre os avaliados, 51,4% eram meninas e mais de 60% encontravam-se nos dois primeiros estágios de maturação sexual. A prevalência de excesso de peso (sobrepeso+obesidade) foi 31,8%, obesidade 17,6% e RCE elevada 20,3%, sem diferença segundo sexo e maturação sexual. A RCE apresentou boa concordância com excesso de peso (Kappa=0,707) e obesidade (Kappa=0,780). Já a concordância entre IMC/I e PC foi pobre. O valor de 0,45 da RCE foi o ponto de corte mais adequado para identificar os adolescentes com excesso de peso. Conclusões: Este trabalho sugere que a RCE apresenta melhor desempenho que o PC como indicador complementar do estado nutricional no início da adolescência. A RCE agrega informação sobre a gordura central ponderada pela estatura, não requer curva de comparação e apresenta ponto de corte, o que facilita ações de triagem nos serviços de saúde e em estudos epidemiológicos.

Objective: This study evaluated the performance of the Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHR) as an additional indicator of nutritional status in the first phase of adolescence. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, developed in 2016/2017, with 148 adolescents (10 to 13 years old) from two public schools of Macaé, a municipality in Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. We collected information on sexual maturation, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC). The Kappa Test was performed to verify the accordance among Body Mass Index-for-Age (BMI/A), WC, and WHR in relation to health risk screening. The maximum limits of sensitivity and specificity of WHR according to BMI/A were analyzed by ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Results: Among the participants, 51.4% were girls, and more than 60% were in the first two stages of sexual maturation. The prevalence of excess weight (overweight+obesity) was 31.8%, obesity 17.6%, and high WHR 20.3%, with no difference according to sex and sexual maturation. WHR showed good agreement with excess weight (Kappa=0.707) and obesity (Kappa=0.780). The agreement between BMI/A and WC was poor. The value 0.45 was the most appropriate WHR cutoff point to identify adolescents with excess weight. Conclusions: This study suggests that WHR performs better than WC as an additional indicator of nutritional status in early adolescence. WHR brings information on central adiposity weighted by height, does not require a comparison curve, and has a cutoff point, which may facilitate screening in health services and epidemiological studies.

Predicción del porcentaje de grasa por medio antropometríaen niños y adolescentes de chile: propuesta de percentilespara su evaluación / Prediction of fat percentage by anthropometry in children and adolescents in Chile: proposal of percentiles for its evaluation

Introducción: El porcentaje de grasa es determinante enla evaluación de la atención primaria.Objetivo: Comparar ecuaciones antropométricas regio-nales que predicen el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC)con ecuaciones extranjeras y, proponer percentiles para va-lorar el % GC de niños y adolescentes de la región delMaule, Chile. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio transversal (correla-cional) en escolares de la región del Maule (Chile). Se estudióa 1,126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) con un rangode edad desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluó la edad,el peso, estatura, circunferencia del abdomen, dos plieguescutáneos (tricipital y subescapular). Se calculó el índice demasa corporal (IMC), Índice Ponderal (IP, Índice Cintura-Talla(ICT), %GC por dos ecuaciones regionales y tres ecuacionesextranjeras (Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg). Resultados: Las ecuaciones regionales de chile presentaronvalores de 26,2±7,1%GC (ecuación 1) y 26,2±7,05%GC (ecua-ción 2) en varones, mientras que en mujeres reflejaron 33,6±4,72%GC (ecuación 1) y 33,6±4,70%GC (ecuación 2).Las ecuaciones extranjeras reflejaron valores similares en varo-nes, por ejemplo, de 19,3%±6,9%GC (Boileau), 20,1±8,7%GC(Slaughter) y 20,6±5,3%GC (Deuremberg), mientras que, enlas mujeres fue de 25,9±6,1%GC (Boileau), 25,2±8,8%GC(Slaughter) y 25,0±5,3%GC (Deuremberg). Hubo diferenciassignificativas entre las ecuaciones regionales con las ecuacio-nes extranjeras en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Los percentiles cal-culados fueron: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90,P95 y P97). Los valores de %GC en las mujeres a edades avan-zadas (próximas a la adultez) oscilan entre 32 a 34%, y en loshombres entre 19 a 20%. Conclusión: Se evidenció que las tres ecuaciones extran-jeras de Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg no son aplicables amuestra de escolares chilenos, además, se desarrolló percen-tiles utilizando ecuaciones antropométricas para estimar el%GC desde los 6 hasta los 17,9 años.(AU)

Introduction: Fat percentage is determinant in primarycare evaluation. Objective: To compare regional anthropometric equationsthat predict body fat percentage (%BF) with foreign equa-tions and to propose percentiles to assess %BF in childrenand adolescents in the Maule region, Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional (correlational) study wascarried out in schoolchildren from the Maule region (Chile). We studied 1,126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 fe-males) with an age range from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Age, weight,height, abdomen circumference, and two skinfolds (tricipitaland subscapular) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI),Ponderal Index (PI), Height-Waist Index (WHI), %GC werecalculated by two regional equations and three foreign equa-tions (Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg). Results: The Chilean regional equations presented valuesof 26.2±7.1% WC in males, while in females they reflected33.6±4.7% WC (p<0.05). The foreign equations reflectedsimilar values in males, i.e., 19.3%±6.9%GC (Boileau),20.1±8.7%GC (Slaughter) and 20.6±5.3%GC (Deuremberg),whereas, in females it was 25.9±6.1%GC (Boileau), 25.2±8.8%GC (Slaughter) and 25.0±5.3%GC (Deuremberg).There were significant differences between regional equa-tions with foreign equations in both sexes (p<0.05). The cal-culated percentiles were: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75,P85, P90, P95 and P97). The %GC values in women at ad-vanced ages (close to adulthood) ranged from 32 to 34%,and in men from 19 to 20%. Conclusion: It was shown that the three foreign equationsof Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg are not applicable to asample of Chilean schoolchildren. In addition, percentileswere developed using anthropometric equations to estimate%BF from 6 to 17.9 years of age.(AU)

Caracterización de hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física en jóvenes de la Región Caribe Colombiana / Characterization of eating habits and physical activity in young people in the Colombian Caribbean Region

Introducción: Los hábitos de vida adquiridos y el mediouniversitario se convierten en importantes factores que influencian los comportamiento relacionados con la actividad física y la alimentación en los jóvenes.Objetivo: identificar los hábitos relacionados con las prácticas alimentarias y de actividad física en adultos jóvenes universitarios en el caribe colombiano.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal,en estudiantes universitarios de cuatro ciudades de la regióncaribe colombiana. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado, que indagaba sobre características sociodemográficas yacadémicas, entre tanto para cuantificar los estilos de vida seempleó el cuestionario PEVP-II. Para el análisis de esta publicación se observó la información correspondiente a las dimensiones nutrición y actividad física.Resultados: El 61,26% de los participantes fueron mujeres, el rango de edad con mayor predominio fue entre 15 y26 años, con mayor representación de estudiantes de lasciencias de la salud, de estrato socioeconómico bajo. El sexoguarda relación con los hábitos nutricionales asociados a mayor consumo de carbohidratos, azúcares, así como escasoconsumo de frutas y vegetales. Se observó relación entre elsexo y la escasa práctica de actividad física. Conclusión: la falta de hábitos saludables en la juventudestá dada por las conductas aprehendidas e influenciadas porel entorno en el cual crece y se desarrolla el ser humano enetapas tempranas de la vida. Es importante pensar las formasen que el ámbito universitario podría influir de manera positiva en mejores actitudes y comportamientos relacionadoscon el bienestar general del joven.(AU)

Introduction: Life habits have an important influence onthe environment in which the young person develops. Theuniversity environment becomes an environment thatinfluences behaviors related to physical activity and food.Objective: to identify habits related to eating and physicalactivity practices in young university adults in the Colombian Caribbean. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptivestudy in university students from four cities in the ColombianCaribbean region. A self-administered questionnaire wasapplied, which inquired about sociodemographic andacademic characteristics, while the PEVP-II questionnaire wasused to quantify lifestyles. For the analysis of this publication,the information corresponding to the dimensions of nutritionand physical activity was observed.Results: 61.26% of the participants were women, therange of age with the highest predominance was between 15and 26 years, with greater representation of of the healthsciences, of low socioeconomic stratum. Sex is related to thenutritional habits associated with higher consumption ofcarbohydrates, sugars, as well as low consumption of fruitsand vegetables. A relationship was observed between sex andthe low practice of physical activity. Conclusion: the lack of healthy habits in youth is given bythe behaviors apprehended and influenced by theenvironment in which the human being grows and developsin early stages of life. It is important to think about the waysin which the university environment could positively influencebetter attitudes and behaviors related to the general well-being of the young person.(AU)

Lifestyle Intervention in Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Students with Dyslipidemia and Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Study

Abstract Background The long incubation periods of cardiovascular diseases offer opportunities for controlling risk factors. In addition, preventive interventions in childhood are more likely to succeed because lifestyle habits become ingrained as they are repeated. Objective To investigate the effects of recreational physical activities, in combination or not with a qualitative nutritional counseling, in cardiometabolic risk factors of students with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Methods Students (8-14 years old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=23 each): i ) Control; ii ) PANC, students undergoing Physical Activity and Nutritional Counseling, and iii ) PA, students submitted to Physical Activity, only. Blood samples (12-h fasting) were collected for biochemical analysis and anthropometric markers were also assessed. Two-Way RM-ANOVA and Holm-Sidak's test, and Friedman ANOVA on Ranks and Dunn's test were applied. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Effect sizes were evaluated by Hedges' g and Cliff's δ for normal and non-Gaussian data, respectively. Results Compared to the control group and to baseline values, both interventions caused significant average reductions in total cholesterol (11%; p <0.001), LDL-c (19%; p=0.002), and non-HDL-c (19%; p=0.003). Furthermore, students in the PANC group also experienced a significant decrease in body fat compared to baseline (p=0.005) and to control (5.2%; g=0.541). Conclusions The proposed strategies were effective to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. The low cost of these interventions allows the implementation of health care programs in schools to improve the students' quality of life.

Recomendaciones de consumo de huevo en población infantil: pasado, presente y futuro / Recommended egg intake in children: past, present, and future

Durante la edad infantil, el consumo de alimentos de alta calidad nutricional es clave para un adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo. Este trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de revisar y de analizar la frecuencia y la cantidad de consumo de huevo actualmente aconsejado por diferentes organismos en el ámbito nacional. Asimismo, se buscó estandarizar un procedimiento para proponer unas nuevas recomendaciones de consumo de este alimento.Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda digital de las guías o recomendaciones nacionales disponibles. Para proponer la nueva recomendación se trabajó con las frecuencias y con las raciones de los alimentos clasificados por grupos de la Guía de la alimentación saludable de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Comunitaria (SENC), 2018, y con los requerimientos de energía para niños y niñas y adolescentes propuestos por la European Food Safety Authority de 2017, considerando un aporte del 15 % de la energía en forma de proteínas. Se contemplaron dos escenarios de acuerdo al nivel de actividad física y se hizo una clasificación en tres grupos de edad.Con base en los datos y en la evidencia actual, consideramos que las recomendaciones de consumo de huevo deben ser reevaluadas para proponer unas recomendaciones más amplias, especialmente para niños mayores de 13 años con requerimientos medios de energía y niños mayores de 7 años que realicen una actividad física elevada o que se encuentren en un periodo de rápido empuje puberal. Esto contribuirá a derribar viejos mitos asociados a este alimento con tanto potencial para la población infantil y adolescente y al desarrollo de unas recomendaciones más coordinadas y revisadas. (AU)

The consumption of high nutritional quality foods is a key for proper growth and development during childhood. This work aimed to review and analyse the current recommended egg intake in children by different national organisations. Likewise, it intended to standardise a procedure to propose new recommendations for this food.A search of available national online guidelines or recommendations was performed. The Healthy Eating Guide of the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 2018 and the energy requirements of the European Food Safety Authority (2017) for children and adolescents were contemplated, considering a contribution of 15 % of energy as proteins to propose the new recommended egg intake. Two scenarios according to the level of physical activity and three age groups were considered.Based on the current data and evidence, we believe that egg intake recommendations should be reassessed, proposing broader recommendations, especially for children over 13 years old with average energy requirements as well as children over seven years old who perform high physical activity or are in a brief period of growth. It will contribute to breaking down old myths associated with egg consumption and promote the development of coordinated and updated recommendations. (AU)

Fascículo 5: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar da pessoa na adolescência / Issue 5: protocols for the use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in dietary guidance of the person in adolescence

Este quinto fascículo da série Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira tem como objetivo apresentar o protocolo direcionado à pessoa na adolescência (10 a 19 anos), como um instrumento de apoio à prática clínica no cuidado individual na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS).

O impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 no estado clínico e nutricional de crianças e adolescentes vivendo com fibrose cística acompanhados em um centro de referência no estado do Rio de Janeiro após o primeiro ano pandêmico / The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical and nutritional status of children and adolescents living with cystic fibrosis monitored at a reference center in the state of Rio de Janeiro after the first year of the pandemic

Introdução: A fibrose cística (FC) é uma doença genética, progressiva e multissistêmica. Sua principal causa de mortalidade é o acometimento do sistema respiratório, o que colocou imediatamente os pacientes com FC como sendo do grupo de altíssimo risco para as complicações relacionadas à infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Mediante o decreto de estado de pandemia e orientações estipuladas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em 2020, centros de referência no cuidado dessa doença limitaram a oferta presencial de inúmeros serviços de saúde afim de evitar a disseminação viral, ficando o cuidado por vezes a cargo dos próprios pacientes e de suas famílias. Objetivo: Avaliar como a restrição de acesso aos centros de referência devido a pandemia da COVID-19 impactou nos parâmetros clínicos e nutricionais de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística. Métodos: Estudo da coorte de crianças e adolescentes com FC acompanhados no Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente (IFF/Fiocruz). A coleta de dados se deu através de prontuários, a qual foram coletadas informações das avaliações nutricionais e da prova de função pulmonar entre os anos de 2017 a 2021 de 29 pacientes entre 4 e 19 anos incompletos. Os atendimentos dos pacientes foram comparados entre o período pré e pós pandemia da COVID-19, bem como entre aqueles que realizaram atendimento ambulatorial presencial e não presencial durante o período de isolamento social. Resultado: A análise da amostra demostrou predominância de pacientes do sexo feminino, menores de 12 anos e da mutação F508del. Foi observado através da avaliação do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) um declínio da função pulmonar durante os anos avaliados, assim como, alteração do quadro nutricional. Porém nossos achados não observaram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa ao comparar as variáveis de avaliação clínica e nutricional entre o período pré e pós pandemia da COVID-19. Assim, os nossos achados podem ser aferidos como resultado do curso progressivo da doença. Conclusão: Esse estudo apontou que as crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística acompanhadas em um centro de referência nacional, entre os anos de 2017 a 2021, apresentaram mudanças dos índices nutricionais e de prova de função ao longo dos anos analisados. Porém, esse achado não pode ser vinculado à existência da pandemia da COVID-19.

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic, progressive and multisystem disease. Its main cause of mortality is the involvement of the respiratory system, which immediately placed CF patients as a very high-risk group for complications related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Through the pandemic state decree and guidelines stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2020, reference centers in the care of this disease limited the face-to-face offer of numerous health services in order to avoid viral dissemination, sometimes leaving care borne by the patients themselves and their families. Objective: To assess how the restriction of access to referral centers due to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the clinical and nutritional parameters of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Methods: Cohort study of children and adolescents with CF monitored at the National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents' Health (IFF/Fiocruz). Data collection took place through medical records, which collected information from nutritional assessments and pulmonary function tests between the years 2017 to 2021 of 29 patients between 4 and 19 incomplete years. Patient care was compared between the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic period, as well as between those who received face-to-face and non-face-to-face outpatient care during the period of social isolation. Result: The analysis of the sample showed a predominance of female patients, younger than 12 years and the F508del mutation. Through the evaluation of the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) a decline in lung function was observed during the years evaluated, as well as a change in the nutritional status. However, our findings did not observe a statistically significant difference when comparing the clinical and nutritional assessment variables between the pre- and post-pandemic period of COVID-19. Thus, our findings can be gauged as a result of the progressive course of the disease. Conclusion: This study pointed out that children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis followed up at a national reference center, between the years 2017 to 2021, showed changes in nutritional indices and function tests over the years analyzed. However, this finding cannot be linked to the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Características clínico epidemiológicas de adolescentes femeninas con anemia / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of female adolescents with anemia

Introducción: La adolescencia es una etapa de la vida con grandes cambios y mayor vulnerabilidad a riesgos para la salud. Entre los principales problemas de salud destacan los trastornos nutricionales, específicamente la anemia carencial. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de anemia en adolescentes femeninas de un consultorio médico, describir características clínico epidemiológicas de adolescentes anémicas y la presencia de algunos factores que pudieran incidir en su ocurrencia. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, en 76 adolescentes hembras de entre 11 a 19 años, del consultorio médico Nº 16 del Policlínico Ramón López Peña, Santiago de Cuba, desde marzo a diciembre de 2020. La muestra fue intencional, constituida por 45 adolescentes anémicas. Se estudió la edad, intensidad de la anemia, evaluación nutricional, hábitos tóxicos, edad de la menarquia, características de las menstruaciones, hábitos alimentarios, entre otros. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia ferropénica fue de 59,2 por ciento. La edad media fue de 14,89 años; 15,6 por ciento de las adolescentes anémicas eran bajo peso y 20 por ciento tenían sobrepeso u obesidad; 73,3 por ciento tenía malos hábitos alimentarios, solo 24,4 por ciento recibió profilaxis con sales ferrosas. Además, destacó el sangrado menstrual abundante (22,3 por ciento) y la menarquia precoz (20 por ciento). Conclusiones: La anemia constituye un problema multifactorial con alta prevalencia en las adolescentes estudiadas. Se evidenció la presencia de varios factores de riesgo, como hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, malnutrición tanto por defecto como por exceso, menstruaciones abundantes y ausencia de profilaxis para la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Adolescence is a stage of life with many changes and greater vulnerability to health risks. Among the main health problems are nutritional disorders and, among them, deficiency anemia. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of anemia in female adolescents in a medical office, and to describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of anemic adolescents and the presence of some factors that could influence its occurrence. Methods: Was carried out a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study in 76 female adolescents between 11 and 19 years old, from the Family Medical Clinic No. 16 of the Ramón López Peña Polyclinic, Santiago de Cuba, between March and December 2020. The sample was intentional, made up of 45 anemic adolescents. Were studied age, intensity of anemia, nutritional evaluation, toxic habits, age of menarche and characteristics of menstruation, eating habits, among others. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 59.2 percent . The mean age was 14.89 years; 15.6 percent of anemic adolescents were underweight and 20 percent were overweight or obese; 73.3 percent had bad eating habits, only 24.4 percent received prophylaxis with ferrous salts. In addition, heavy menstrual bleeding (22.3 percent ) and menarche before the age of 11 (20 percent ) stood out. Conclusions: Anemia constitutes a multifactorial problem with a high prevalence in the studied adolescents. The presence of several risk factors was evidenced, especially inadequate eating habits, malnutrition both by default and by excess, heavy menstruation and the absence of prophylaxis for the disease(AU)

Factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales de las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2019 / Factors affecting prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital,Pperiod 2019

El embarazo adolescente se ha determinado como un problema social y costoso para el país. De acuerdo con el Plan Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Ecuador mantiene la tasa más alta de embarazos en adolescentes correspondientes a edades entre 10 a 19 años, ubicándose como el tercer país a nivel regional, después de Nicaragua y República Dominicana. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2020. Metodología: Se empleó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y de tipo descriptivo; adicional, la investigación fue de carácter no experimental y de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por aquellas adolescentes 664 que fueron atendidas en el período previamente establecido generando una muestra de 100 adolescentes, determinando como muestra aquellas que cuentan con al menos siete meses de gestación. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta, bajo el instrumento de cuestionario, conformado por 36 preguntas, donde se indagaron variables sociodemográficas, hábitos nocivos, consumo alimenticio, adherencia, complicaciones prenatales y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Resultados: Dentro de los resultados más importantes, se determinan los siguientes: adolescentes entre los 15 a 19 años (71%), no cuenta con pareja (76%), son amas de casa (79%), complicaciones durante el embarazo (79%), amenaza de aborto (24%), alimentación inadecuada (22%), entorno donde se consume tabaco y alcohol (83%), no se presentaron a los controles (69%); apoyo de la familia (49% buena) y apoyo de la pareja (34% regular). Conclusiones: Se concluye que la edad influye en la manifestación de complicaciones prenatales, se incluyen además aspectos como la educación, convivencia, pareja, actividades de la adolescente, hábitos nocivos, alimentación, adherencia y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Se desarrolló como propuesta una guía de intervención educativa con la finalidad de reducir las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro(AU)

Adolescent pregnancy has been determined as a social and costly problem for the country. According to the National Plan for Sexual and Reproductive Health, Ecuador maintains the highest rate of adolescent pregnancies corresponding to ages 10 to 19, ranking as the third country at the regional level, after Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. Objective: to analyze the factors that affect prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital, period 2020. Methodology: an observational, retrospective and descriptive study was used; Additionally, the research was non-experimental and cross-sectional. The population consisted of 664 adolescents who were cared for in the previously established period, generating a sample of 100 adolescents, determining as a sample those who have at least seven months of gestation. The technique used was the survey, under the questionnaire instrument, made up of 36 questions, where sociodemographic variables, harmful habits, food consumption, adherence, prenatal complications, and family and partner support were investigated. Results: Among the most important results, the following are determined: adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 (71%), do not have a partner (76%), are housewives (79%), complications during pregnancy (79 %), threatened abortion (24%), inadequate nutrition (22%), environment where tobacco and alcohol are consumed (83%), they did not appear for controls (69%); family support (49% good) and partner support (34% fair). Conclusions: It is concluded that age influences the manifestation of prenatal complications, aspects such as education, coexistence, couple, activities of the adolescent, harmful habits, food, adherence and family and partner support are also included. An educational intervention guide was developed as a proposal in order to reduce prenatal complications in pregnant adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital(AU)